The Weird Sisters, 1611. Referred to as the “weyward sisters” in Macbeth‘s first folio, this trio of witches delivers the dual prophecies that set the entire play’s course of events into motion: that the eponymous Scottish general will become king, while his companion, Banquo, will generate a line of kings.The Weird Sisters as described by …We will focus particularly on the persecution of witches, accused sometimes of fornication with the devil or of infanticide and cannibalism, but will look also ...In medieval Europe, the Black Death was a turning point in peoples’ views of witches. The death of a large percentage of the European population was believed by many Christians to have been caused by their enemies. The peak of the witch hunt was during the European wars of religion, peaking between about 1580 and 1630.Dyer was first used in medieval times for people in the trade of dying cloth. It’s ultimately derived from the Irish word “dubh” (dark, black). ... Witches are famous for living in cottages in the woods, making Foster …Oct 29, 2020 · The witch is the female icon of spookiness, descended from centuries of various stereotypes, images, and beliefs from medieval and early modern Western and Northern European cultures. In those days, witches, primarily believed to be female, were thought to have pacts with the Devil, commit acts of beastiality, and have an appetite for newborn ... Oct 5, 2022 · Before the end of the 14 th century, the attitude towards magic and witchcraft was very different from the 15 th century. In this section of medieval European history, the acceptance of witchcraft was relatively widespread. People considered magic to be a part of everyday life. Much of magic in the medieval world up to this point centered ... Witches were considered Satan’s followers, members of an antichurch and an antistate, the sworn enemies of Christian society in the Middle Ages, and a “counter-state” in the early modern period. If witchcraft existed, as people believed it did, then it was an absolute necessity to extirpate it before it destroyed the world.The second development was the campaign--promoted by the church and supported by both clerical and civil authorities--to brand women healers as witches.Oct 5, 2022 · Before the end of the 14 th century, the attitude towards magic and witchcraft was very different from the 15 th century. In this section of medieval European history, the acceptance of witchcraft was relatively widespread. People considered magic to be a part of everyday life. Much of magic in the medieval world up to this point centered ... Medievalist Larisa Grollemond sheds light on common misconceptionsIn medieval and early modern Europe, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have used black magic or maleficium against their own community, and often to have communed with evil beings.In Horace and Apuleius's works, witches were figures of fun. Interestingly life imitated art for Apuleius when he himself was tried for witchcraft. Apuleius' Apologia details his defence ...27 февр. 2012 г. ... This has resulted in the fact that many areas connected with the origins of witches' confessions and witch-beliefs have remained unexplored.May 16, 2016 · The horror of the trials started in 1478, when King Ferdinand V (1452 – 1516) and his wife, Queen Isabela I (1451 – 1504) requested papal permission to establish the Spanish Inquisition. Although practices like this were known of in 13th century, it was always focused on issues other than witchcraft. 5,000 men and women were accused of ... One sign that someone is a witch is that they are female and they have a pet. Witches can use their pet to shape shift and do their bidding. Some common signs that someone is a witch include:Early medieval attitudes about witchcraft. Belief in witches, in the sense of wicked people performing harmful magic, had existed in Europe since before the Greeks and Romans. In the early part of ...Many today tend to associate magic in the Middle Ages with evil: with sorcerers attempting to summon demons or witches enchanting someone. The idea that magic is an evil thing, however, is something of a modern phenomenon. In the Middle Ages magic was an accepted and common part of many people’s lives.Crafting the Witch: Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England ... witches on 1990s TV to Charmed: Buffy the Vampire Slayer's gay teenage witches don't ...A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft. Practicing evil spells or incantations was responsibly proscribed and punishable in early human civilizations in the Middle East. In medieval Europe, witch-hunts often arose in connection to charges of heresy from ...... discounts shop Bottle Witch's Vial Medieval Vial Wicca factory ... Older Vial Potion Witches Vessel Magical Stock Vector Royalty. Witchs Potion ...My research focuses on late medieval religious history, particularly the history of magic, witchcraft, and superstition, as well as heresy and religious reform.Medievalist Larisa Grollemond sheds light on common misconceptions Arm Bracer Cuff Armband Wrist Guard Armor Medieval Witch Wizard Magic Cork Potion Bottle Lolita Cosplay LARP Costume. 55. 200+ bought in past month. $2499. Typical: $26.99. FREE delivery Mon, Oct 23 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Or fastest delivery Thu, Oct 19. +4 colors/patterns. Ocean. Garden. Finally, combine the three lists to create your own fantasy book title ideas. You may come up with the following ideas: Dragons of the Dark Kingdom. Princes of the Golden Garden. Sorcerer of the Dead Forest. Trolls of the Cold Cave. Sword of the Ancient World.This text is part of the Internet Medieval Source Book. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history. Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright. Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational ...The Witches of Oz, 1900. In L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, there is a witch for each cardinal direction: North and South are good, while East and West are wicked. A Kansan tornado lands young Dorothy in this magical kingdom—and makes her the perpetrator of accidental manslaughter (R.I.P. Wicked Witch of the East, we hardly knew ...American Witch Bloodline Names (Outside of Salem) In the last article Ancestral Witchcraft article, we listed off the names of the Salem witches. All who were accused and found guilty, those who were executed and those who escaped or died in prison. In this database, we’ll scratch the surface of other American witch surnames from elsewhere in ...The three witches in “Macbeth” represent evil and darkness. The witches demonstrate the external evil forces working against Macbeth specifically, but that allegorically may influence any person. They are also a metaphorical reflection of t...Witches were said to gather regularly with others of their kind in debauched meetings, or "sabbats," flying to these events with the help of magical ointments, enchanted brooms or logs, or simply "in spirit" on their own.Oct 6, 2023 · Witch hunt, a series of investigations and persecutions of “witches” that occurred in Europe and the European colonies in the Americas between the 14th and 18th centuries. The term witch hunt has entered common political parlance to describe such campaigns as that of Sen. Joseph McCarthy to root. The paper discusses women as witchcraft images since medieval Europe through a documentary methodological analysis that reflects a stereotypical classification (Fg, n.d.). From Continental Europe ...Witch hunt, a series of investigations and persecutions of “witches” that occurred in Europe and the European colonies in the Americas between the 14th and 18th centuries. The term witch hunt has entered common political parlance to describe such campaigns as that of Sen. Joseph McCarthy to root.Witches mostly use these bells to ward off negativity in a home, but they are also pretty to look at and listen to! ... By Medieval Times, bells were a prominent tool used by churches, farms, and business owners. According to Judika Iles in the Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, “bells derive from ancient sacred images of human genitalia.Crafting the Witch: Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England ... witches on 1990s TV to Charmed: Buffy the Vampire Slayer's gay teenage witches don't ...Witches and the Myth of the Medieval Burning Times 223 structure, and torture was allowed after 1480 in witchcraft trials (Harris. 1974: 213). The large ...Oct 25, 2019 · The history of witchcraft in Western art is a tale with a dramatic plot twist. Throughout the 1400s, witches began appearing in European illustrations and woodcuts as demonic creatures with deviant sexual habits: Broomsticks were stand-ins for phalluses, and nude women rode backwards on goats. Throughout the next 400 years, around 80,000 ... Magic, Witches and Devils in the Early Modern World. An exhibition held at the John Rylands Research Institute and Library between 21 January and 21 August 2016 ...Witches and witchcraft were very real phenomena to the fifteenth-century writers. Their writings tell us much about their humorous misconceptions, built on.Oct 6, 2023 · Several of the tracts have special title-page or half-title. The confessions of Helen Taylor ... and Menie Halyburton ... 1649.--The trial of William Coke and Alison Dick, for witchcraft.--[Account of the expense of burning Margaret Denham].--Minutes and proceedings of the session of Torryburn ...With the confession of Lillias Adie.--A brief discourse concerning the second sight ... Witchcraft, traditionally, the exercise or invocation of alleged supernatural powers to control people or events, practices typically involving sorcery or magic. Witchcraft thus defined is an imaginative stereotype that has a long history and has constituted for many cultures a viable explanation of evil in the world.The Truth About Medieval Witches. For centuries, the image of a witch has haunted and fascinated us, represented by wicked old women living alone in cottages deep in the woods, or powerful, evil women conjuring any number of spells to terrify men, women, and children. In medieval times, those who practiced witchcraft were a lot more than just ...The Truth About Medieval Witches. For centuries, the image of a witch has haunted and fascinated us, represented by wicked old women living alone in cottages deep in the woods, or powerful, evil women conjuring any number of spells to terrify men, women, and children. In medieval times, those who practiced witchcraft were a lot more than just ...A medieval Scottish soldier. An Anglo-Irish witch. A seven hundred year plot for revenge. Around the time Customs Inspector Matthew began having crippling stomach pains, he began witnessing visions of a past-life involving a Scottish soldier during Edward Bruce's conquest of Ireland, an Anglo-Irish defender of Carrickfergus Castle and a local witch with a bloodthirsty agenda.As the Inquisition proceeded merrily along through the 1400s, its focus shifted from Jews and heretics and moved towards so-called witches. Although Pope Gregory IX had authorized the killing of witches back in the 1200s, the fad just didn't catch on for awhile. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued a bull declaring that witches did indeed exist ...Dec 22, 2020 · Introduction. The classic era of the great witch hunts was not the medieval, but the Early Modern period of the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the Middle Ages saw the formation of the image of the witch over the course of the centuries between 1000 and 1500. By the end of the 15th century, there existed an extensive literature that described ... 2 дек. 2020 г. ... In earlier medieval times, witchcraft was part of the folkloric tradition and mostly regarded as a superstition. Witches were believed to be ...Some clever witches also found a way to use it to render a man impotent for nearly a week. Throughout the history of witchcraft, some witches chose to take up “schools” of magic, potions being among them (or by extension, herbalism). A Witch’s Brew. The dictionary defines “brew” as a beverage or drink with examples being beer, tea or ... Witchcraft is the name for the magic practiced by witches. Witchcraft is similar to sorcery. But according to some legends, sorcery can be learned, while witches are born with their magical powers. People have believed in witches and witchcraft since ancient times. Witches were once greatly feared.In Horace and Apuleius’s works, witches were figures of fun. Interestingly life imitated art for Apuleius when he himself was tried for witchcraft. Apuleius’ Apologia details his defence ...Medieval alewives may have inspired the modern stereotypical views of witches. "Brewing", "herbs," "broomsticks," "woman." When one hears these words together, most often the assumption is that the person in question is a witch.White magic has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers or magic for selfless purposes. Practitioners of white magic have been given titles such as wise men or women, healers, white witches or wizards.Many of these people claimed to have the ability to do such things because of knowledge or power that was passed on to them through …May 25, 2017 · Executioners used torture in order to extract a confession, looked for signs such as scars, birthmarks, insensitivity to pain, interest in herbs and herbal remedies. Inquisitors used the infamous “water test” to confirm a woman’s guilt. The infamous dunking chair was a punishment reserved for women. Supposed witches were immersed, or ... The only thing that united them was the fact that they were accused of witchcraft. The diversity of witches is one of the strongest arguments against the theory that the Great Hunt was a deliberate pogrom aimed at a specific group of people. If that was true, then most witches would have something in common.One explanation offered by historian Michael D. Bailey is that at some point during the 14th and 15th centuries, religious officials perhaps unwittingly conflated two distinct traditions: “learned” magic and “common” magic.The foundations of medieval witchcraft consist of chthonic religion, folk traditions, and low magic, all three derived from the source cultures of Western civilization: the ancient Near East, especially Judaism, the Greco-Romans, the early Christians, and the Celts and Teutons. This oldest substratum of witchcraft was then progressively ...Some clever witches also found a way to use it to render a man impotent for nearly a week. Throughout the history of witchcraft, some witches chose to take up “schools” of magic, potions being among them (or by extension, herbalism). A Witch’s Brew. The dictionary defines “brew” as a beverage or drink with examples being beer, tea or ... . 27 окт. 2020 г. ... But in medieval Europe, ideas about witches were the products of ... witches is part of theology, Coker said. The “History of Witchcraft ...Aug 28, 2018 · American Witch Bloodline Names (Outside of Salem) In the last article Ancestral Witchcraft article, we listed off the names of the Salem witches. All who were accused and found guilty, those who were executed and those who escaped or died in prison. In this database, we’ll scratch the surface of other American witch surnames from elsewhere in ... Medievalist Larisa Grollemond sheds light on common misconceptions The Magic Circle by John William Waterhouse. The nightshades were closely linked to witchcraft in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Supposedly, these diabolical herbs were used for conjuring demons, hexing innocents, flying to distant locales, shape-shifting, and other nefarious purposes.Between 1500 and 1700, nearly 4,000 Scottish people were accused of witchcraft - the majority of them women. What happened to the accused? Find out in this 3rd level history BBC Bitesize article.A medieval Scottish soldier. An Anglo-Irish witch. A seven hundred year plot for revenge. Around the time Customs Inspector Matthew began having crippling stomach pains, he began witnessing visions of a past-life involving a Scottish soldier during Edward Bruce's conquest of Ireland, an Anglo-Irish defender of Carrickfergus Castle and a local witch with a bloodthirsty agenda.Most of our ideas about what life was like during medieval times have been distorted — or even completely falsified — by movies and TV shows. Producers and entertainment companies have taken a lot of creative freedoms to make stories more d...Mar 22, 2021 · Witch hunting was all the craze in the late medieval period and onwards in Europe and involved some rather peculiar practices. Witch hunters of all kinds emerged in search of fame and wealth and developed their own methods of determining if a woman (80% of the witches were women!) was a witch in league with the devil. Witches mostly use these bells to ward off negativity in a home, but they are also pretty to look at and listen to! ... By Medieval Times, bells were a prominent tool used by churches, farms, and business owners. According to Judika Iles in the Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, “bells derive from ancient sacred images of human genitalia.In Horace and Apuleius’s works, witches were figures of fun. Interestingly life imitated art for Apuleius when he himself was tried for witchcraft. Apuleius’ Apologia details his defence ...HIST 2069 - Heresy and Witchcraft in Medieval Europe. North Terrace Campus - Semester 1 - 2016. 2016. 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014.Witchcraft, a perceived facility to summon evil spirits and demons to do harm to others, was linked to religion to the extent that the medieval Church had powers to punish those who dabbled in magic and sorcery. Its priests were able to exorcise those who had become possessed by malign spirits.Dec 22, 2020 · Introduction. The classic era of the great witch hunts was not the medieval, but the Early Modern period of the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the Middle Ages saw the formation of the image of the witch over the course of the centuries between 1000 and 1500. By the end of the 15th century, there existed an extensive literature that described ... A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft. Practicing evil spells or incantations was responsibly proscribed and punishable in early human civilizations in the Middle East. In medieval Europe, witch-hunts often arose in connection to charges of heresy from ...Islam and magic. In Islamic culture and Muslim communities throughout the world, magic is "widespread and pervasive". [1] Magic or sorcery (which seeks to alter the course of events usually by calling on a supernatural force) and divination (attempts "to predict future events or gain information about things unseen"), [2] or occultism ...Abstract. This article discusses the role played by medicine and the medical sciences in shaping and making sense of early modern witchcraft. It suggests that despite the interest of members of the healing arts in witchcraft and their engagement in both practical and theoretical aspects of the subject, major historical studies of the relationship between medicine and witchcraft are thin on the ...Medieval European magic. During the Middle Ages, magic took on many forms. Instead of being able to identify one type of magic user, there were many who practiced several types of magic in these times, including monks, priests, physicians, surgeons, midwives, folk healers, and diviners. [1] The practice of magic often consisted of using ...The above image depicts some of the strange and crazy things which medieval Christians believed that witched did at night. One of the most famous symbols of the Inquisition's witch-craze was the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum (Witches' Hammer) by Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer. These two Dominican monks wrote a lurid account of what ...The persecution of mostly women as witches in medieval times and early modern Europe has fascinated scholars. Some of the earliest histories of the European witch hunts used the trials to characterize the present as "more enlightened" than the past. And many historians viewed witches to be heroic figures, struggling to survive against persecution.Global average temperatures show that the Little Ice Age was not a distinct planet-wide period but a regional phenomenon occurring near the end of a long temperature decline that preceded the recent global warming.. The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region. It was not a true ice age of …Jul 16, 2021 · Medieval alewives may have inspired the modern stereotypical views of witches. "Brewing", "herbs," "broomsticks," "woman." When one hears these words together, most often the assumption is that the person in question is a witch. History of Witchcraft – Medieval Period. The witchcraft of the early Christian period was essentially common sorcery or folk-magic developed over the centuries from its roots in the Ancient Period, not involving demons or devils. Anglo-Saxon magic involved spells and simple mechanical remedies, sometimes even mixed with Christian religious ...The horror of the trials started in 1478, when King Ferdinand V (1452 – 1516) and his wife, Queen Isabela I (1451 – 1504) requested papal permission to establish the Spanish Inquisition. Although practices like this were known of in 13th century, it was always focused on issues other than witchcraft. 5,000 men and women were accused of ...Early medieval attitudes about witchcraft. Belief in witches, in the sense of wicked people performing harmful magic, had existed in Europe since before the Greeks and Romans. In the early part of ...The Witches of Oz, 1900. In L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, there is a witch for each cardinal direction: North and South are good, while East and West are wicked. A Kansan tornado lands young Dorothy in this magical kingdom—and makes her the perpetrator of accidental manslaughter (R.I.P. Wicked Witch of the East, we hardly knew ...Crafting the Witch: Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early Modern England book cover ... witches interacted with the culture at large, ultimately arguing that a ...Article. Cats in the Middle Ages were generally disapproved of, regarded as, at best, useful pests and, at worst, agents of Satan, owing to the medieval Church and its association of the cat with evil. Prior to the widespread acceptance of Christianity, however, cats were considered valuable members of society and were even worshipped …Before the end of the 14 th century, the attitude towards magic and witchcraft was very different from the 15 th century. In this section of medieval European history, the acceptance of witchcraft was relatively widespread. People considered magic to be a part of everyday life. Much of magic in the medieval world up to this point centered ...Medieval Strip Club by Depressive Witches, released 06 May 2021.Abstract. This article discusses the role played by medicine and the medical sciences in shaping and making sense of early modern witchcraft. It suggests that despite the interest of members of the healing arts in witchcraft and their engagement in both practical and theoretical aspects of the subject, major historical studies of the relationship between medicine and witchcraft are thin on the ...This type of tortured reasoning mocks the medieval trial by ordeal, where people underwent an ordeal to prove their innocence, like being dunked in water or asked to carry a hot iron.In a society born of conquest, beset with famines and plagues, and where the staples of life were everything from spies and corruption to witch trials and ...Mar 18, 2014 · 4. Witch Cakes. A bizarre form of counter-magic, the witch cake was a supernatural dessert used to identify suspected evildoers. In cases of mysterious illness or possession, witch-hunters would ... Article. Cats in the Middle Ages were generally disapproved of, regarded as, at best, useful pests and, at worst, agents of Satan, owing to the medieval Church and its association of the cat with evil. Prior to the widespread acceptance of Christianity, however, cats were considered valuable members of society and were even worshipped …19 de ago. de 2023 ... A guided tour of the Medieval Mile Museum uncovering the linked history of witchcraft and cats paying particular attention to the history of ...Ocean. Garden. Finally, combine the three lists to create your own fantasy book title ideas. You may come up with the following ideas: Dragons of the Dark Kingdom. Princes of the Golden Garden. Sorcerer of the Dead Forest. Trolls of the Cold Cave. Sword of the Ancient World.Executioners used torture in order to extract a confession, looked for signs such as scars, birthmarks, insensitivity to pain, interest in herbs and herbal remedies. Inquisitors used the infamous “water test” to confirm a woman’s guilt. The infamous dunking chair was a punishment reserved for women. Supposed witches were immersed, or ...Women's Costume Accessories. If you are looking for the perfect womens costume, then here is where your search begins, at the Medieval Collectibles women's costumes category.May 24, 2012 · Witches and Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. May 24, 2012 by Simon Newman. Witchcraft in the Middle Ages was a controversial crime that was equally punishable to poisoning. If one was accused of witchcraft, the charges could be dropped by a relative’s defense in a trial by combat, or by twelve people swearing an oath of the accused’s innocence. Oct 6, 2023 · Several of the tracts have special title-page or half-title. The confessions of Helen Taylor ... and Menie Halyburton ... 1649.--The trial of William Coke and Alison Dick, for witchcraft.--[Account of the expense of burning Margaret Denham].--Minutes and proceedings of the session of Torryburn ...With the confession of Lillias Adie.--A brief discourse concerning the second sight ... Witch hunts. For Utz-Tremp, this is what distinguishes medieval western witchcraft from witchcraft practised in developing nations today, "where there is no ...This is because the church wanted them to be targets of dislike and hatred. Of course, those who practiced witchcraft (and those who were falsely accused) had a wide range of appearances. Practices. Witches in the Medieval times used spells, animal parts, and a variety of herbs to make potions, cure various diseases, and heal wounds.By the end of the Middle Ages, a view of women as especially susceptible to witchcraft had emerged. The notion that a witch might travel by broomstick (especially when contrasted with the male who conjures a demon horse on which to ride) underscores the domestic sphere to which women belonged. The witch hunter’s handbook. Public ...May 4, 2017 · The voyage was finally completed safely, but all involved were suitably rattled. In a stunning series of events, Danish courtiers subsequently accused women of sabotaging the journey using magic, prompting witchcraft trials first in Denmark and later, when James decided to follow suit, in North Berwick, Scotland. Medieval Medicine: 1,000-year-old Onion and Garlic Salve Kills Modern Bacterial SuperBugs. For Good and Evil: Witch Bottles as Countermagical Devices Through History. Brewery recreates 3,500-year-old Scandinavian alcohol. The Nine Herbs Charm has been discovered in a book known as "The Lacunga.". This volume contains medical "spells ...19 сент. 2019 г. ... Classical Culture and Witchcraft In Medieval and Renaissance Italy ... witches' Sabbath developing at the same time just to the north of the Alps ...White magic has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers or magic for selfless purposes. Practitioners of white magic have been given titles such as wise men or women, healers, white witches or wizards.Many of these people claimed to have the ability to do such things because of knowledge or power that was passed on to them through …Medieval Collectibles has a full line of Medieval and fantasy styled cloaks, full-length robes, and period capes to choose from. Our medieval cloaks and hoods are the perfect pieces of garb for winter, as a nice warm cloak will keep you toasty in cooler weather while still providing a period look.Dive deep into the dark history of witch hunts in medieval Europe, from the rise of Christianity to the tragic tales of the accused. Discover how these bruta...22 янв. 2016 г. ... Witch Marks, Curses, and Magic in the Neglected History of Medieval Graffiti ... a skill, I believe, of spiritual witches?? Carol says: January ...Jan 20, 2019 · Updated on January 20, 2019. Ancient mythology and folklore is filled with witches, including the Bible's Witch of Endor and Russian folklore's Baba Yaga. These enchantresses are known for their magic and trickery, which is sometimes used for good and sometimes for mischief. 01. Witch hysteria really took hold in Europe during the mid-1400s, when many accused witches confessed, often under torture, to a variety of wicked behaviors. Within a century, witch hunts were...Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes - Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies. 2022 –. Are there any witches in Brazil? The depiction of ...This is because the church wanted them to be targets of dislike and hatred. Of course, those who practiced witchcraft (and those who were falsely accused) had a wide range of appearances. Practices. Witches in the Medieval times used spells, animal parts, and a variety of herbs to make potions, cure various diseases, and heal wounds.Oct 31, 2022 · The image of the witch as we know it today has its origins in medieval Europe, particularly in the period between the 14th and 17th centuries. During this time, many people were accused of practicing witchcraft and were subsequently persecuted and often executed. One influence on the image of the witch was the figure of the alewife.